APS Member History

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1	Name:	Dr. John Abelson
	Institution:	California Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2001
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1938

	John Norman Abelson has made major contributions to our understanding of molecular biology and biochemistry. A pioneer in recombinant DNA technology, he focused early on on mutagenic bacterial viruses and on RNA sequencing. Later he discovered intervening sequences in t-RNA and worked out the mechanisms involved in t-RNA splicing. His laboratory named and characterized the "spliceozyme" required for messenger RNA processing in yeast, and he remains a leader in characterizing the structure and function of this "molecular machine." Dr. Abelson has served the scientific community in a variety of positions. Since 1995 he has been George Beadle Professor of Biology at the California Institute of Technology. He has received many honors and awards, including a Guggenheim Fellowship (1980-81). He earned his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1965.

2	Name:	Dr. Cynthia M. Beall
	Institution:	Case Western Reserve University
	Year Elected:	2001
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1949

	Cynthia Beall is a distinguished anthropologist who, along with her collaborator, Dr. Goldstein, has been interested in the impact of high altitude on the physiology and socio-cultural behavior of people living in such environments. She has studied populations in Tibet, the Andean countries and Ethiopia and is clearly one of the world's leading authorities on this subject. Since 1976 Dr. Beall has taught at Case Western Reserve University, where she has been S. Idell Pyle Professor of Anthropology since 1994 and Professor of Anatomy since 1995. She was elected to the membership of the National Academy of Sciences in 1996. She was named a Guggenheim Fellow in Anthropology and Cultural Studies in 2011.

3	Name:	Dr. Thomas R. Cech
	Institution:	University of Colorado, Boulder; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
	Year Elected:	2001
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1947

	Tom Cech is one of the world's leading biochemists and the discoverer of the enzymatic activity of RNA, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1989. He is a marvelous teacher, dedicated to education at all levels, and a distinguished spokesman for science. President of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) from 2000-2009, Dr. Cech is presently an HHMI investigator serving on the faculties of the University of Colorado (since 1978) and the Health Sciences Center, Denver (since 1988). He is the recipient of the Gairdner Foundation International Award (1988); the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (1988); the Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award (1988); and the National Medal of Science (1995) and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (1987); the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1988); and the Institute of Medicine (2000).

4	Name:	Dr. Lawrence H. Einhorn
	Institution:	Indiana University
	Year Elected:	2001
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1942

	Lawrence Einhorn received his M.D. from the University of Iowa in 1968. He was a fellow in hematology/oncology at Indiana University Medical Center, 1971-72, and a fellow in oncology at the M.D. Anderson Hospital & Tumor Institute, 1972-73. He joined the Indiana University School of Medicine in 1973 where he has been a professor of medicine, clinical oncology and hematology and, since 1987, a Distinguished Professor of Medicine. In 2006 he became the first Lance Armstrong Foundation Professor of Oncology. Lawrence Einhorn achieved an international reputation as a young medical researcher who developed a very effective treatment for cancer of the testes. He is the Clinical Director of the Walther Oncology Center at the Indiana University Medical Center, where he has developed a talented team of investigators in oncology. His research has led to the improvement of treatment in a variety of cancers including the breast, bladder, lung and Hodgkin's Disease. He is well known among his peers in oncology and is well informed concerning the remarkable areas of research in his field. Solutions to cancer treatment and prevention will likely occur by teams of collaborators and institutions. Dr. Einhorn is well positioned to continue to make strong contributions in his important field. He is the recipient of many honors, including the Medal of Honor from the American Cancer Society (1983); the Gottlieb Award from M.D. Anderson Hospital (1986); the Bernard Schwartz Award from the Scripps Institute (1987); the Distinguished Clinician Award from the Milken Foundation (1989); the Kettering Prize for Cancer Research from General Motors Foundation (1992); the Presidential Medal of Honor from Indiana University (1996); the Jacquiatt Award in Oncology (1997); and the Vermeil Medal of Paris (2000). An active member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, he served as its president, on the board of directors, and, for eight years, as editor of its Journal of Clinical Oncology. He was on the board of scientific counselors of the National Cancer Institute, where he was also an outstanding investigator grantee, 1985-92, 1993-2000. Dr. Einhorn was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2001.

5	Name:	Dr. Anthony S. Fauci
	Institution:	National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
	Year Elected:	2001
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Immunologist Anthony S. Fauci received his M.D. degree from Cornell University Medical College in 1966. He then completed an internship and residency at the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center. In 1968, Dr. Fauci came to the National Institutes of Health as a clinical associate in the Laboratory of Clinical Investigation at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). In 1974, he became Head of the Clinical Physiology Section and in 1980 was appointed Chief of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, a position he still holds. Dr. Fauci became Director of NIAID in 1984. Dr. Fauci has made many contributions to basic and clinical research on the pathogenesis and treatment of immune-mediated diseases. He has pioneered the field of human immunoregulation by making a number of scientific observations that serve as the basis for current understanding of the regulation of the human immune response. In addition to his noted work on polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granulomatosis, and lymphomatoid granulomatosis, Dr. Fauci has made seminal contributions to the understanding of how the AIDS virus destroys the body's defenses, making it susceptible to deadly infections. His research has been instrumental in developing strategies for the therapy and immune reconstitution of patients with this disease, as well as for a vaccine to prevent HIV infections. In 2008 his team identified a new human receptor for H.I.V., an important advance in the field that could provide fresh avenues for the development of additional therapies. Anthony Fauci has held major lectureships all over the world and is the recipient of numerous awards for his scientific accomplishments. He received this nation's largest award in medicine, the Albany Medical Center Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research, for his overall contributions to the advancement of science and his distinguished public service, and in 2005 received the nation's highest honor in science: the National Medal of Science. In 2007 he was presented with the Lasker Award for his roles in two major government programs: the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief and Project Bioshield, which seeks to improve countermeasures against potential bioterror agents. He was also awarded the 2007 George M. Kober Medal of the Association of American Physicians, the organization's highest honor. In 2008 Dr. Fauci was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom "for his determined and aggressive efforts to help others live longer and healthier lives." In 2021 he was awarded the National Academy of Sciences Public Welfare Medal, the Dan David Prize, and the Ivan Allen Jr. Prize for Social Courage. Dr. Fauci was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2001.

6	Name:	Dr. Judith P. Klinman
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	2001
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1941

	Judith Klinman has made significant contributions to our understanding of enzyme function, including two fundamental discoveries, rare events in the field of enzymology: a new redox cofactor in eukaryotes and the unanticipated demonstration of hydrogen tunneling in enzymatic reactions. The latter provides an experimental link to the role of protein motions in catalysis. In addition, she has been a leader in utilizing isotope effects to probe enzymatic reaction mechanisms and has also begun to unravel the mechanism of copper dependent biological redox reactions. Her approach amply demonstrates the rewards of applying the principles and tools of physical organic chemistry to biological sciences. Dr. Klinman has worked at the Institute of Cancer Research (1972-78) and the University of Pennsylvania (1974-78); since 1982 she has been professor of chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, where she also chaired the department of chemistry (2000-03) and serves as professor of molecular and cell biology. She is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences; the National Academy of Sciences; the American Chemical Society; the Protein Society; the Biophysics Society; and the American Society of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology (president, 1998). In 2014 she was awarded the National Medal of Science.

7	Name:	Dr. Marshall Nirenberg
	Institution:	National Institutes of Health
	Year Elected:	2001
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1927
	Death Date:	January 15, 2010

	Marshall Nirenberg received a Ph.D. at the University of Michigan in 1957. He began his career with the National Institutes of Health in 1957 as a postdoctoral fellow, and joined the staff in 1960. He has been a research biochemist and chief of the Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, at the National Institutes of Health since 1962. Marshall Nirenberg and his coworkers deciphered the genetic code. First, they determined the base compositions of RNA codons by directing cell free protein synthesis with randomly-ordered synthetic polyribonucleotides; then, they determined the nucleotide sequences of RNA codons by directing the binding of aminoacyl-t RNA to ribosomes with trinucleotides of known sequence. They also showed that single-stranded RNA, but not double- or triple-stranded RNA, is a template for protein synthesis. Dr. Nirenberg and his colleagues discovered and characterized Drosophila and mouse homeobox genes. He has focused on one of the Drosophila homeobox genes, vnd-NK-2, which initiates the neural pathway of development in the ventral portion of the neuroectoderm and gives rise to part of the ventral nerve cord. Current studies focus on determining how a pattern of neuroblasts that express the vnd-NK-2 gene is formed in the central nervous system. Dr. Nirenberg, with Robert Holley and Har Khorana, received the Nobel Prize in 1968 for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis. He is also the recipient of the Molecular Biology Award of the National Academy of Sciences in 1962, the National Medal of Science, Hildebrand Award of the American Chemical Society, Gairdner Foundation Award, Prix Charles Leopold Meyer of the French Academy of Sciences, Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute, Albert Lasker Award, Priestly Award, and the Louisa Gross Horowitz Prize. Dr. Nirenberg is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, and Leopoldina Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2001.

8	Name:	Dr. Arthur B. Pardee
	Institution:	Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2001
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1921
	Death Date:	February 24, 2019

	Arthur Beck Pardee received his Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology in 1947. He was an assistant and associate professor at the University of California, Berkeley from 1949-61 and professor of biochemical sciences and Donner Professor of Science at Princeton University from 1961-75. He was a senior postdoctoral fellow at the Pasteur Institute, France from 1957-58 and an American Cancer Society Scholar at the Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratory, London, from 1972-73. In 1975 he moved to Cambridge to serve as Professor of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology at Harvard Medical School and Chief of the Division of Cell Growth and Regulation at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute. From 1997 on he was professor emeritus at Harvard. Arthur Pardee's early work was in bacterial biochemistry. His studies on growth regulation led to discoveries of repression of gene transcription, feedback inhibition, and allosteric regulation. He next turned to cancer and identified the restriction point, a major regulatory checkpoint that must be bypassed before cells can initiate DNA synthesis. He demonstrated that an unstable protein must be synthesized for a cell to enter S phase, a process defective in cancer cells. He identified cyclin E as the potential restriction point protein, and factor in growth control at the G1/S boundary. An important technical contribution was the development of "differential display," a method that identifies differences in gene expression in various cells and tissues. Dr. Pardee was a recipient of the Paul Lewis Award of the American Chemical Society, the Sir H. A. Krebs Medal, the Rosensteil Medal, the FASEB 3B Award, the CIT Award, the Boehringer-Mannheim Bioanalytica Award, and the Outstanding Alumnus Award of the California Institute of Technology. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the Japanese Biochemical Society, the American Society of Biological Chemists (president, 1980), and the American Association for Cancer Research (president, 1985). He was member of the Cancer Institute Scientific Committee and served on the scientific board of the Worcester Foundation. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2001. Arthur Pardee died February 24, 2019 at the age of 97.

9	Name:	Dr. Seymour I. Schwartz
	Institution:	University of Rochester
	Year Elected:	2001
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	August 28, 2020

	Seymour I. Schwartz was the Distinguished Alumni Professor of Surgery at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry and was Chair of the Department of Surgery from 1987-1998. He received his medical training from New York University. Dr. Schwartz has authored or edited several surgical textbooks, including seven editions of the most widely read Principles of Surgery, and is Editor Emeritus of the Journal of the American College of Surgeons. His many contributions were recognized in 1992 when he was awarded the Albert Kaiser Medal. Dr. Schwartz is also a cartographic historian and has authored Mapping of America 1980), The French and Indian War (1995), An Englishman\'s Journey Along American\'s Eastern Waterway\'s (2000), This Land is Your Land: The Geographic Evolution of the United States (2000), Putting \"America\" on the Map (2007) and Gifted Hands (2009). He was on the Board of the National Museum of American History of the Smithsonian Institution and the Phillips Society of the Library of Congress. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2001. Seymour Schwartz died on August 28, 2020 at his son's home in St. Louis, Missouri.

10	Name:	Dr. Alexander Varshavsky
	Institution:	California Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2001
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1946

	Alexander Varshavsky is the co-founder, together with Avram Hershko (Technion, Haifa, Israel), of the field of ubiquitin and regulated protein degradation. In the 1980s, Dr. Varshavsky and coworkers discovered the first physiological functions of ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis (in the cell cycle, DNA repair, ribosome biogenesis and stress responses), the first degradation signals in short-lived proteins, and several crucial mechanistic attributes of the ubiquitin system. Thanks to this singularly important work, studies of the ubiquitin system have become a major arena of modern biology. Other contributions by Dr. Varshavsky include his discovery of the first exposed (nucleosome-free) regions in chromosomes, elucidation of the catenane-based mechanism for segregation of daughter DNA during chromosome replication, and several widely used biochemical and genetic methods. A graduate of the Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow (1973), Dr. Varshavsky served on the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1977-92 before moving to the California Institute of Technology, where he is Howard and Gwen Laurie Smits Professor of Cell Biology. In 2008 he received a EUREKA grant from the National Institutes of Health and the inaugural Gotham Prize for Cancer Research, an annual million dollar award established to encourage new and innovative approaches to cancer research. He was awarded the King Faisal International Prize for Science in 2012 and the Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics, founded by Yuri Milnor, in 2013.